Using Quotes Effectively - APA format 参考文献引用格式
英文写作对所有的文献都得详细列出来源，否则算抄袭，会吊销成绩，以下是文献引用数种格式中的一种格式，供参考：
http://www.apastyle.org/
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/
Social Sciences -> Documenting Sources -> Sample Paper -> here:
Sample Paper: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-RD4.pdf
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
The APA’s in-text citations provide at least the author’s last name and thedate of publication. For direct quotations and some paraphrases, a pagenumber is given as well.
NOTE:APA style requires the use of the past tense or the present perfecttense in signal phrases introducing cited material: Smith (2005) reported,Smith (2005) has argued.
1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A QUOTATIONOrdinarily, introduce the quotation with asignal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the year ofpublication in parentheses. Put the page number (preceded by “p.”) inparentheses after the quotation.
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight
Americans, many health care providers still “remain either in
ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor
and the young” (p. 5).
If the author is not named in the signal phrase, place the author’s name, theyear, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation: (Critser, 2003,p. 5).
NOTE: APA style requires the year of publication in an in-text citation. Donot include a month, even if the source is listed by month and year.
2. BASIC FORMAT FOR A SUMMARY OR A PARAPHRASEInclude the author’s last nameand the year either in a signal phrase introducing the material or inparentheses following it. A page number or another locator is not requiredfor a summary or a paraphrase, but include one if it would help readers findthe passage in a long work.
According to Carmona (2004), the cost of treating obesity is
exceeded only by the cost of treating illnesses from tobacco use
(para. 9).
The cost of treating obesity is exceeded only by the cost of treat-
ing illnesses from tobacco use (Carmona, 2004, para. 9).
3. A WORK WITH TWO AUTHORSName both authors in the signal phrase orparentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use “&”between the authors’ names; in the signal phrase, use “and.”
According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “Environmental factors
may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obe-
sity” (p. 104).
Obese children often engage in less physical activity (Sothern &
Gordon, 2003, p. 104).
4. A WORK WITH THREE TO FIVE AUTHORSIdentify all authors in the signal phraseor parentheses the first time you cite the source.
In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist con-
cluded, “Sibutramine . . . must be carefully monitored in ado-
lescents, as in adults, to control increases in
and pulse rate” (p. 1811).
In subsequent citations, use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” ineither the signal phrase or the parentheses.
As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until more extensive safety
and efficacy data are available, . . . weight-loss medications
should be used only on an experimental basis for adolescents”
(p. 1811).
5. A WORK WITH SIX OR MORE AUTHORSUse the first author’s name followed by “etal.” in the signal phrase or the parentheses.
McDuffie et al. (2002) tested 20 adolescents aged 12-16 over a
three-month period and found that orlistat, combined with behav-
ioral therapy, produced an average weight loss of 4.4 kg, or
9.7 pounds (p. 646).
6. UNKNOWN AUTHORIf the author is unknown, mention the work’stitle in the signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in theparenthetical citation. Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotationmarks; titles of books and reports are italicized.
Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle
with the pressures of television advertising that, on the one
hand, encourages the consumption of junk food and, on the
other, celebrates thin celebrities (“Television,” 2002).
NOTE:In the rare case when “Anonymous” is specified as the author, treat itas if it were a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). In the list of references, alsouse the name Anonymous as author.
7. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHORIf the author is a government agency or otherorganization, name the organization in the signal phrase or in theparenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
Obesity puts children at risk for a number of medical complications,including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea,and orthopedic problems(Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation,2004, p. 1).
If the organization has a familiar abbreviation, you may include it inbrackets the first time you cite the source and use the abbreviation alone inlater citations.
FIRST CITATION(National Institute of Mental Health , 2001)
LATER CITATIONS (NIMH, 2001)
8. TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESESWhen your parenthetical citationnames two or more works, put them in the same order that they appear in thereference list, separated by semicolons.
Researchers have indicated that studies of pharmacological treat-
ments for childhood obesity are inconclusive (Berkowitz et al.,
2003; McDuffie et al., 2003).
9. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAMETo avoid confusion, use initials with thelast names if your reference list includes two or more authors with the samelast name.
Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . .
10. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONInterviews, memos, letters, e-mail, and similarunpublished person-to-person communications should be cited as follows:
One of Atkinson’s colleagues, who has studied the effect of the
media on children’s eating habits, has contended that advertisers
for snack foods will need to design ads responsibly for their
younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20,
2004).
Do not include personal communications in your reference list.
11. AN Electronic documentWhen possible, cite an electronic document as youwould any other document (using the author-date style).
Atkinson (2001) found that children who spent at least four hours
a day watching TV were less likely to engage in adequate
physical activity during the week.
Electronic sources may lack authors’ names or dates. In addition, they maylack page numbers (required in some citations). Here are APA’s guidelines forhandling sources without authors’ names, dates, or page numbers.
Unknown author
If no author is named, mention the title of the document in a signal phraseor give the first word or two of the title in parentheses (see also item 6).(If an organization serves as the author, see item 7.)
The body’s basal metabolic rate, or BMR, is a measure of its at-
rest energy requirement (“Exercise,” 2003).
Unknown date
When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation “n.d.” (for“no date”).
Attempts to establish a definitive link between television pro-
gramming and children’s eating habits have been problematic
(Magnus, n.d.).
No page numbers
APA ordinarily requires page numbers for quotations, and it recommends themfor summaries or paraphrases from long sources. When an electronic sourcelacks stable numbered pages, your citation should include — if possible —information that will help readers locate the particular passage being cited.
When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph numberpreceded by the symbol ¶ or by the abbreviation “para.”: (Hall, 2001, ¶ 5) or(Hall, 2001, para. 5). If neither a page nor a paragraph number is given andthe document contains headings, cite the appropriate heading and indicatewhich paragraph under that heading you are referring to.
Hoppin and Taveras (2004) pointed out that several other med-
ications were classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration as
having the “potential for abuse” (Weight-Loss Drugs section,
para. 6).
NOTE:Electronic files using portable document format (PDF) often have stablepage numbers. For such sources, give the page number in the parentheticalcitation.
12. INDIRECT SOURCEIf you use a source that was cited in another source (asecondary source), name the original source in your signal phrase. List thesecondary source in your reference list and include it in your parentheticalcitation, preceded by the words “as cited in.” In the following example,Critser is the secondary source.
Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described “a nation of
young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming
themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness”
(as cited in Critser, 2003, p. 4).
13. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEARWhen your list ofreferences includes more than one work by the same author in the same year,use lowercase letters (“a,” “b,” and so on) with the year to order theentries in the reference list. (See item 6.) Use those same letters with theyear in the in-text citation.
Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about the
role of counseling in treating childhood obesity.
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